Dark Matter and Other Elementary Particles

14. FINAL WORDS, GLOSSARY, AND THE GREEK ALPHABET

This effort was based upon a few simple assumptionswhich lead to the development of models for quarks, elementary particles and atomic nuclei. The following is a list of attributes shown by EPSM that are not shown by the spinning spheres model:

Ą the form of the quarks and electron from more fundamental particles,

Ą the relationship of the quarks, neutrinos and electrons,

Ą the form of elementary particles including the proton and neutron,

Ą the internal charge distribution of the particles,

Ą the three dimensionality of the hadrons including the proton,

Ą the stability of the proton,

Ą the point-like dimensionality of the electron,

Ą a purpose for the neutrinos,

Ą the number of neutrinos in a particle,

Ą a mass correlation between the models and particles (mesons),

Ą a physical representation of a particle with spin 1/2,

Ą the form of particles that are their own antiparticle,

Ą the relationship of nucleons in atomic nuclei,

Ą the saturation of nuclear bonding,

Ą the stability of the atomic nuclei,

Ą the tracking of the Carbon-Nitrogen Cycle,

Ą an explanation for "magic numbers" for atomic nuclei.

Ą a candidate for "dark matter."

The effort was an attempt to develop a spatial model of the elementary particles much like the "ball and stick" model of chemistry. However, it may be expected that a spatial model should have predictive properties. The following are some of the predictions:

Ą The charge distribution of the proton ,

Ą There are 9 neutrinos associated with the proton and 10 with the neutron,

Ą The u quark-u antiquark structure makes up 98.8% of pi 0 mesons ,

Ą There are expected to be mesons with masses 0.94-098 Gev and 1.15-1.19 Gev which are their own antiparticles,

Ą A physical meaning for quark "color",

Ą Dark matter could have the following characteristics: mass about that of a proton, it is its own antiparticle, and it has spin of 1,

Ą There may be a helium-4 with spin 1 ,

Ą The stability of the helium-4 may be caused by an effective additional internal bond,

Ą Protons and neutrons form layers in which the charges are distributed on the outside edges. The layers could be very large (e.g., in a neutron star) ,

Ą There may be a correlation between the proton/neutron layers electric charge distribution and the orbiting electron symmetry.

There are now choices to be made. Most of us can either accept the EPSM pictures as being more representative and informative than the billiard ball models or we can continue to use the billiard ball model. However, there are a few of you who can take the challenge and either confirm EPSM to be a valid model at some level or provide sufficient proof that it is not valid. If you confirm EPSM as being a valid model then you are further challenged to correct and extend it wherever possible. And, if your confirmation is negative then your challenge is to develop another spatial model that does better than EPSM.

Glossary

Baryon

Any of a family of subatomic particles, including the nucleons and hyperons, that participate in strong interactions, are composed of three quarks, and are generally more massive than mesons.

Boson

Any of a class of particles, such as the photon, pion, or alpha particle, that have zero or integral spin and obey statistical rules permitting any number of identical particles to occupy the same quantum state (does not obey Pauli exclusion principle).

Fermion

A particle, such as an electron, a proton, or a neutron, having half-integral spin and obeying statistical rules requiring that not more than one in a set of identical particles may occupy a particular quantum state (obeys Pauli exclusion principle).

Hadron

Any of a class of subatomic particles that are composed of quarks and take part in the strong interaction.

Hyperson

A semistable or unstable baryon with mass greater than the neutron.

Lepton

Any of a family of elementary particles that participate in the weak interaction, including the electron, the muon, and their associated neutrinos.

Meson

Any of a family of subatomic particles that participate in strong interactions, are composed of a quark and an antiquark, and have masses generally intermediate between leptons and baryons.

Nucleon

A proton or a neutron, especially as part of an atomic nucleus.

Nucleus

The positively charged central region of an atom, composed of protons and neutrons and containing almost all of the mass of the atom.

Nuclide

A type of atom specified by its atomic number, atomic mass, and energy state, such as hydrogen-3.

Greek alphabet

The Greek alphabet is provided as a reference:

A

a

alpha

B

b

beta

G

g

gamma

D

d

delta

E

e

epsilon

Z

z

zeta

H

h

eta

q

q

theta

I

i

iota

K

k

kappa

L

l

lambda

M

m

mu

N

n

nu

X

x

xi

O

o

omicron

P

p

pi

R

r

rho

S

s

sigma

T

t

tau

U

u

upsilon

F

f

phi

C

c

Chi

Y

y

psi

W

w

omega

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Baryon	Any of a family of subatomic particles, including the nucleons and hyperons, that participate in strong interactions, are composed of three quarks, and are generally more massive than mesons.
Boson	Any of a class of particles, such as the photon, pion, or alpha particle, that have zero or integral spin and obey statistical rules permitting any number of identical particles to occupy the same quantum state (does not obey Pauli exclusion principle).
Fermion	A particle, such as an electron, a proton, or a neutron, having half-integral spin and obeying statistical rules requiring that not more than one in a set of identical particles may occupy a particular quantum state (obeys Pauli exclusion principle).
Hadron	Any of a class of subatomic particles that are composed of quarks and take part in the strong interaction.
Hyperson	A semistable or unstable baryon with mass greater than the neutron.
Lepton	Any of a family of elementary particles that participate in the weak interaction, including the electron, the muon, and their associated neutrinos.
Meson	Any of a family of subatomic particles that participate in strong interactions, are composed of a quark and an antiquark, and have masses generally intermediate between leptons and baryons.
Nucleon	A proton or a neutron, especially as part of an atomic nucleus.
Nucleus	The positively charged central region of an atom, composed of protons and neutrons and containing almost all of the mass of the atom.
Nuclide	A type of atom specified by its atomic number, atomic mass, and energy state, such as hydrogen-3.

A	a	alpha
B	b	beta
G	g	gamma
D	d	delta
E	e	epsilon
Z	z	zeta
H	h	eta
q	q	theta
I	i	iota
K	k	kappa
L	l	lambda
M	m	mu
N	n	nu
X	x	xi
O	o	omicron
P	p	pi
R	r	rho
S	s	sigma
T	t	tau
U	u	upsilon
F	f	phi
C	c	Chi
Y	y	psi
W	w	omega