11. LAYERS AND RINGS
In chemistry ring structures, such as benzene, are particularly stable. Six protons and six neutrons can form a stable ring structure shown in Figure 2-10. It is noted that two such flat layers can actually stack two ways in an egg carton fashion: either with the nucleons directly on top of each other or nestled between each other. It may be that one layer might act as a mold or catalyst for building a new layer.
Figure 2-10: Six proton and six neutron layer shown in orientation used in Part 2. This layer is called the Pi Layer (PiL).
The positive electric charges are all on the outside edge of the structure. In addition, all of the free dimensionalities are positioned such that they do not have to face each other; hence, there may be no need for direct repulsion once nucleons are bonded in place. The overall positive charge of +6 ecu is spread over nine nucleons with each one having a net +2/3 ecu. Thus, the structure could be described as nine "2/3 protons" plus nine "1/3 neutrons" plus three full neutrons (the three in the center) for a total of six protons and six neutrons. A nucleon is clearly neither a proton nor a neutron which is the case for all nuclei except for the H-1 EPSM. The structure is such that a neutron cannot be removed without removing a proton with it nor can a proton be added to the structure without adding a neutron. However, neutrons can be added to the structure and a proton can be removed from the structure. A close examination of the ring structure shows that it can be made out of three connected alpha particles with spin 0 (or see Figure 2-13).
In addition, the positive electric charges are directed such that a total of +2 ecu point in each of the three mutually perpendicular directions. The six electrons in the pi orbitals are in pairs and the three pairs are in mutually perpendicular orbitals. Could it be that the nucleus structure may be a driver of the orbital Pi electron structure? Hence, the structure in Figure 2-10 is called the Pi Layer (PiL) because of this possible correlation to the pi electron orbitals.
There is also a smaller ring structure consisting of 4 protons and 4 neutrons. The two different Helium-4 as shown in Figure 2-7 can combine by two bonds. This layer shall be called the Si Layer (SiL) and is shown in Figures 2-11 and 2-12. Other EPSM layers are also possible including maybe very large ones in neutron stars.
Figure 2-11: The two helium-4 in Figure 2-7 can be combined into a Si Layer.
Figure 2-12: Si Layer or SiL.
PARITY, SPIN AND NEUTRON LOADING
Parity implies something about an equation's mathematical symmetry when the negative and positive values are reversed. If the equation remains unchanged during the reversal of signs then it has an even parity (+1) and if the equation changes signs then it has an odd parity (-1). More simply, the symmetry is a right-left type of symmetry through a plane. EPSM involves spatial models; therefore, it shall be assumed that the correlation between parity and EPSM is one of planar symmetry. That is, if the EPSM has a planar symmetry then it has to an even parity and if the EPSM does not have a symmetry then it has an odd parity.
So what is nucleus spin in EPSM? It is not an easy question to answer and there are several patterns that seem to emerge from the EPSMs as possibilities. One of the possibilities is to quantify the spin for each layer by assigning spin 1/2 to each nucleon in the top row of an EPSM, spin -1/2 to each nucleon in the second row, spin 1/2 to each nucleon in the third row, and so on. The total nucleus spin is the combination of the spins of the layers.
The above schemes for spin and parity restricts how nucleus EPSMs are developed. These rules lead to an interesting conclusion for the Si Layer (Figure 2-12) and the Pi Layer (Figure 2-10). Each Si Layer can have spin 0 and even parity after each of two pairs of neutrons are added to the Si Layer; whereas, the Pi Layer can not. These SiL neutron loaded layers shall be designated SiL+2n and SiL+4n. It will later be seen that the number of SiLs in the elements EPSMs could account for the number of spin 0, even parity stable isotopes and possibly more.
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