9. THE THIRD GENERATION, STRINGS AND DARK MATTER

THE THIRD GENERATION

The third generation of quarks are called the bottom (b) quark with a -1/3 ecu and the top (t) quark with a +2/3 ecu. These quarks have also been called beauty and truth. The B- meson (u*b) has a mass of 5.273 Gev which compares to 1.865 Gev for u*c, 0.494 Gev for u*s, and 0.140 Gev for u*d. The b quark decays into a charm quark and p mesons. Thus, it would be expected that the b quark EPSM will be an extension of the c quark with an added string of p-type mesons. A review of the u*d, u*s, and u*s EPSMs indicates that the sequence is getting more free dimensionalities, more attached meson "loops", more splits in the meson chain, and in general more complicated. The t quark EPSM would be expected to be an even greater extension from the b quark.

STRINGS AND DIMENSIONS

F. David Peat in his book "Superstrings and the Search for The Theory of Everything" discusses some of the recent thoughts about elementary particles being made of two dimensional strings. First, it is easy to envision the EPSMs being made of string-like elements. The most natural "visual" comparison would be to consider each ESU segment to be a string. Each string has either 4 ends (non polarized light), 2 ends (polarized light), or 3 ends (such as the electron EPSM). The strings then can join to form the elementary particles. However, this is probably a little different than string theory which has the string-like elements being different particles depending on how the strings are vibrating and spinning.

However, there is a correlation between the number of ESU segments and number of "dimensions" in string theory. The number of dimensions mentioned in string theory is 26 dimensions. In addition, Peat stated that the additional dimensions may "not really be dimensions at all." The number 26 appears in EPSM when the ESU segments are counted. The notation X+ shall mean the X positive direction and X- shall mean the negative direction. Thus, X+|Y+|Z+ is the positron EPSM, X+|X- is a light EPSM, and the ones labeled "Three Perpendicular Dimensions" are the eight corners of the "dark matter" shown on the cover and in Figure 1-64. The following is the ESU segments in EPSM.

Three Perpendicular Dimensions	Three with 2 linear Dimensions	Four perpendicular Dimensions	Two linear Dimensions
X+|Y+|Z+	X+|X-|Y+	X+|X-|Y+|Y-	X+|X-
X+|Y+|Z-	X+|X-|Y-	X+|X-|Z+|Z-	Y+|Y-
X+|Y-|Z+	X+|X-|Z+	Y+|Y-|Z+|Z-	Z+|Z-
X+|Y-|Z-	X+|X-|Z-
X-|Y+|Z+	Y+|Y-|X+
X-|Y+|Z-	Y+|Y-|X-
X-|Y-|Z+	Y+|Y-|Z+
X-|Y-|Z-	Y+|Y-|Z-
	Z+|Z-|X+
	Z+|Z-|X-
	Z+|Z-|Y+
	Z+|Z-|Y-

The number of ESU segments add up to 26. Could these ESU segments be the meaning of 26 "dimensions" that may "not really be dimensions at all"? In addition, the above 26 ESU segments and the 6 neutrino/antineutrinos (see Table 1-1) makeup the EPSM building blocks and are more fundamental than the quarks.

DARK MATTER

The subject of "dark matter" is seen quite often in newspapers and magazines. Dark matter is the 90% of the matter that is apparently missing or at least undetectable after the big bang. The EPSM candidate for dark matter is shown in Figure 1-64. It is basically a cube made out of the ESU segments. The EPSM's dark matter particle may have less mass than a hydrogen atom because of the extra strong bonds or it may have significantly more mass because of the completion of the cube just as the proton and neutron has more mass than a meson with a similar number of ESU segments . The dark matter EPSM is its own antiparticle and, based upon the physical interpretation of spin, it has a spin of 1.

Because the dark matter EPSM has no free dimensionalities it should not react externally by the electromagnetic force, the weak force, nor the strong force. The only apparent force that dark matter EPSM should interact by is gravity. Thus, dark matter should only be detected by its gravitational effects.

Figure 1-64: Dark Matter EPSM candidate.

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