6. ALL AROUND UP AND DOWN

In chapter 1 it was stated that quarks are used to make a family of particles called hadrons. Furthermore, hadrons are divided into baryons which have a three quark structure generalized by qqq and into mesons which have a two quark structure generalized by q*q. The notation q* indicates the antiquark to the q quark. (Normally, the antiquark is represented by the corresponding letter with a bar above it; however, this form does not always transfer well between computer programs). The hadrons are also the particles that interact by the strong force which hold the nucleons together within the atomic nuclei. Table 1-3 describes some of the hadrons that are possible using only the up (u) and down (d) quarks and their antiquarks.

An EPSM will be proposed for each hadron in the table based mostly upon the decay products and particle reactions described in Quarks and the American Institute of Physics Handbook.

Table 1-3

HADRONS WITH U AND D QUARKS

Hadron Particle	Type	Quarks	Charge	Spin	Mass
p (proton)	baryon	uud	+1	1/2	0.938 Gev
n (neutron)	baryon	udd	0	1/2	0.940 Gev
Delta ++ (D++)	baryon	uuu	+2	3/2	~ 1.230 Gev
Delta +	baryon	uud	+1	3/2	~ 1.230 Gev
Delta 0	baryon	udd	0	3/2	~ 1.230 Gev
Delta -	baryon	ddd	-1	3/2	~ 1.230 Gev
Pi + (Pion) (p+)	meson	d*u	+1	0	0.140 Gev
Pi 0	meson	u*u/d*d	0	0	0.135 Gev
Pi -	meson	d*u	-1	0	0.140 Gev
Eta (h)	meson	u*u/d*d	0	0	~0.550 Gev
Rho+ (r+)	meson	d*u	+1	1	~0.770 Gev
Rho 0	meson	u*u/d*d	0	1	~0.770 Gev
Rho-	meson	u*d	-1	1	~0.770 Gev
Omega (w)	meson	u*u/d*d	0	1	0.783 Gev

THE UP AND DOWN BARYONS

PROTON (p) AND NEUTRON (n)

The proton and neutron EPSMs have already been covered in earlier chapters. The quark EPSMs that were developed for the proton and neutron EPSMs will used in the development of the EPSMs for the other particles.

DELTA PARTICLES D

There are four particles in the Delta group. The electrical charges range from +2 to -1. Every u and d quark combination for a baryon (qqq) is used for the Delta particles including the same combinations that were used for the proton and neutron. Thus, the same combination of quarks can lead to different particles with different masses and spins. For example, in the proton uud structure the two u quarks spin cancel each other leaving the spin 1/2 for the proton. However, the Delta + uud structure has all three quarks spin aligned to give the spin of 3/2. The added energy needed for this spin alignment is said to account for the mass difference between the proton and the corresponding Delta particle. An EPSM will be developed for the Delta ++ particle based strictly upon the quark structure. The EPSMs for the other Delta particles will be based upon the Delta ++ EPSM. After completing the development of the Delta particles EPSMs, some consideration will then be given to a second possible scheme for the Delta particles EPSMs.

Delta++ (uuu)

The quark combination for the Delta ++ particle is uuu; hence, it has an electric charge of 3(+2/3) = +2. The straight forward Delta ++ EPSM based upon the quark structure is the one shown in Figure 1-17.

Figure 1-17: The Delta ++ particle EPSM consisting of three u quarks. Each free dimensionality is assigned +1/3 ecu corresponding to its directional orientation.

It is the proton EPSM with the "electron" vertex ESU segment missing. The Delta ++ EPSM consists of three u quark EPSMs and there are six free positive dimensionalities which indicates a +2 electric charge. A comparison of the Delta ++ EPSM in Figure 1-17 with the proton EPSM uud quark structure in Figure 1-8 may be helpful to see the three u quarks. It would appear that the Delta ++ EPSM in Figure 1-17 is less massive than the proton in Figure 1-8 rather than more massive as indicated in Table 1-3. However as described above, an argument has been made that the charge distribution takes sufficient energy to establish that the mass of the Delta particle is raised above mass of the proton.

Delta + (uud)

The Delta + particle uud quark composition is the same quark composition as the proton. The Delta + EPSM is a transformation from the Delta ++ EPSM similar to the transformation of the neutron EPSM from the proton EPSM as shown in Figure 1-18. An electron EPSM is added to the Delta ++ to form a Delta + EPSM. The net charge is (5-3)/3 = +1 as determined by counting the positive and negative free dimensionalities and dividing the difference by three.

Figure 1-18: The Delta + particle EPSM consisting of a uud quarks structure. Each dimensionality is assigned either a +1/3 ecu or -1/3 ecu corresponding to its directional orientation.

Delta 0 (udd)

The Delta 0 EPSM adds another electron ESU segment to a second positive free dimensionality. It's udd quark composition is the same quark composition as the neutron. See Figure 1-19.

Figure 1-19: The Delta 0 particle EPSM consisting of a uud quark structure.

Delta - (ddd)

The Delta - EPSM completes the trend of adding electron ESU segments by adding a final electron ESU segment as shown in Figure 1-20.

Figure 1-20: The Delta - particle EPSM .

There is another way to model a +2 charged Delta particle based upon the proton such that the Delta ++ would appear to be naturally heavier than the proton without relying solely upon charge distribution for the added mass. Such a EPSM for Delta ++ would be to have an ESU segment attached to each of the proton's free dimensionalities such that there now would be six positive free dimensionalities as shown in Figure 1-21. With the added three ESU segments this EPSM looks heavier than the proton.

Figure 1-21: Alternate Delta ++ particle EPSM based upon the proton EPSM. It naturally appears heavier than a proton.

Using this alternative scheme with the proton as the starting point, a similar EPSM can easily be developed for the Delta 0 particle by having a combination of ESU segments such that there would be three free positive and three free negative dimensionalities. One such example is shown in Figure 1-22. It gets more complicated, but not impossible, to develop the Delta + and Delta - EPSMs based upon the proton as an alternative starting point. This second scheme could be viewed as more complicated because different ESU segments are used to go from one Delta particle to the next; whereas, the first scheme relied only upon the sequential addition of electron ESU segments.

Figure 1-22: An alternative Delta 0 particle EPSM.

THE UP AND DOWN MESONS

Up to now the concentration has been on the baryons within the hadrons. However, there is another set of hadrons called mesons. Whereas the hadrons have a qqq quark structure, the mesons have a q*q structure. The quark structures and decay products are known for many mesons. The reader is referred back to Table 1-3 at the beginning of this chapter for data on the mesons described below.

Pi MESONS OR PIONS p

Pi 0 (u*u/d*d)

The Pi 0 meson consists of a combination of u*u and d*d particles. Hence, the Pi 0 meson EPSMs shown in Figure 1-23 can be constructed using the previously developed u quark EPSMs. The quark is on the bottom and the antiquark is on the top in each case as can be seen in Figure 1-24. Two Pi 0 mesons with a d*d quark structure are shown in Figure 1-25.

Figure 1-23: Two Pi 0 EPSMs with the u*u quark structure. The u quarks are as shown in Figure 1-7. The quark is the bottom two ESU segments and the antiquark is the top two ESU segments.

Figure 1-24: Two Pi 0 EPSMs showing the u* and u quarks. The quark is the bottom two ESU segments and the antiquark is the top two ESU segments in each case.

Figure 1-25: Two Pi 0 EPSMs with d*d quark structures. The quark is the bottom three ESU segments and the antiquark is the top three ESU segments in each case.

The Pi 0 meson is one of the particles that is its own antiparticle. Previously, two methods were described to construct the antiparticle EPSM. The first case involved a point of transformation though which the ESU segments are transformed into the antiparticle ESU segments. In the case of the Pi 0 meson this point is in the center of the particle as shown in Figure 1-26 for the u*u EPSMs. Thus, it appears that if a particle is its own antiparticle then the point of transformation must be at the center of the particle.

Figure 1-26: Point of transformation from particle to antiparticle is contained within the Pi 0 meson; thus, it is it's own antiparticle.

The Pi 0 meson is a combination of particles in which the u*u mesons differ from the d*d mesons by a single ESU which is split into the electron and positron ESU segments. Apparently this does not make a difference in most of the properties of the mesons. This fact will also turn out to be important later in the development of the s quark.

The Pi 0 meson decays in the following manner:

gg	98.8 %
ge+e-	1.2 %
ggg	< 0.00001
e+e-e+e-	< 0.0001

Correlating the decay products to the EPSMs leads to some interesting things. The e+ and e- can be interpreted as coming directly from the positron and electron ESU segments. A gamma, g, can then be interpreted as coming from the +1/3 ecu and -1/3 ecu ESU segments. These assumptions can be complicated by the fact that electrons and positrons will annihilate each other into gamma rays.

Using the above logic, the Pi 0 meson with the u*u structure consisting solely of the +1/3 ecu and -1/3 ecu ESU segments (right side of Figures 1-23 and 1-24) should lead to the gamma-gamma decay mode. Thus, this EPSM represents the vast majority (98.8%) of the pi 0 meson structures. It is noted that the u quark used in this structure is not the one used in the proton and neutron. The second most common decay (1.2%) should represent the decay of the second u*u structure consisting of an electron, a positron, a +1/3 ecu and a -1/3 ecu ESU segment. Hence , the d*d Pi 0 meson structures appears to represent a small percentage of the Pi 0 mesons.

A LIGHT SIDE TRIP g

The examination of the Pi 0 meson and its decay products gave some insight into the light, or gamma, EPSM. The gamma EPSM will be developed here before proceeding with the other p mesons. In the Pi 0 meson decay the +1/3 ecu and -1/3 ecu ESU segments were considered to decay directly into the gamma rays. The common sine wave graph actually represents only half the story because it represents only polarized light. Non-polarized light is actually two separable mutually perpendicular sine waves. Polarized lens and reflections can separate the two light waves.

The gamma EPSM is developed by combining the +1/3 and -1/3 ESU segments as shown in Figure 1-27 such that the two "up" dimensionalities cancel each other in this case. This results in the non polarized gamma EPSM. Polarization of the gamma EPSM can be seen in Figure 1-28. In this presentation the connecting neutrino is shown to indicate why annihilation does not happen.

Figure 1-27: Two ESU segments on the left partially annihilate to form a non-polarize gamma EPSM on the right.

Figure 1-28: Non-polarized gamma EPSM splitting into 2 polarized gamma EPSMs .

Thus, the polarized gamma EPSM is two opposing ends of an ESU. The gamma EPSM structure is such that it is its own antiparticle. The central point of transformation is in the center of the gamma EPSM. Using Stephen Hawking's "arrow" analogy for spin 1, the gamma EPSM does have to be rotated one full circle to obtain the same particle.

Pi MESONS p

Pi + MESON (d*u)

Two of the Pi + meson EPSMs that can be written are shown in Figure 1-29. Other EPSMs are also possible.

Figure 1-29: Two Pi + meson EPSMs. The u quark is on the lower half and the d* quark is on the upper half in each case.

A VISIT TO THE LEPTON RELATIVES - ANOTHER SIDE TRIP

Just as the Pi 0 meson decay products lead to EPSMs for light, the Pi + decay products leads to EPSMs for some elementary particles in the other generations. The Pi + meson decays 100% of the time into a positive muon which is considered to be similar to a massive positron and a muon-neutrino which is considered to be similar to an electron-neutrino. The Pi - meson decays in a similar fashion to a negative muon and an antimuon-neutrino.

p⁺ > m⁺ + n_m

p^- > m^- + n_m^*

The muon and muon-neutrino are the leptons of the second generation. Furthermore, the muons (+ and -) are not stable and decay as follows:

m⁺ > e⁺ + n_e + n_m^*

m^- > e^- + n_e^* + n_m

Figure 1-30 shows a Pi+ meson EPSM including all five connecting electron-neutrinos and the EPSMs for the decay products as a rearrangement of the Pi+ meson EPSM. Because these EPSMs specifically involve the neutrino and antineutrino, the connecting neutrinos within the Pi+ meson will be shown here. An interesting product of the Pi+ decay within EPSM are the two ESU EPSMs which go undetected. Figure 1-31 shows the EPSMs for the muon decays.

Figure 1-30: Pi+ decay forming two ESUs, a muon, and a muon- neutrino (top to bottom on right-hand side). The five connecting neutrinos in the Pi+ EPSM are all accounted for in the decay products.

Figure 1-31: In the top picture, a positive muon decays to a positron, neutrino and antimuon-neutrino. In the bottom picture, a negative muon decays to an electron a muon-neutrino, and an antineutrino.

The five connecting neutrinos in the Pi+ meson are split as they are among the decay products in Figure 1-30 to account for the continuing decay of the muon as shown in Figure 1-31. Following the Pi+ decay, the muon will in turn decay into an electron without connecting neutrinos, an electron-neutrino (a single connector) and another muon-neutrino (a double connector). Hence, the Pi+ meson and subsequent muon decays can account for the connecting neutrinos by assigning three neutrinos to the muon and two neutrinos to the muon-neutrino as shown in Figures 1-30 and 1-31.

The above muon and muon-neutrino EPSMs can be examined by looking at two similar reactions; one of which is known to happen and the other one which is known not to happen. Muon-neutrinos react with neutrons to produce protons and negative muons. However, muon-neutrinos do not react with protons to produce neutrons and positive muons as might be expected. Hence:

n_m + n⁰ > p⁺ + m^-

But, n_m + p⁺ does not go to n⁰ + m⁺

The first reaction (above) occurs while the second reaction does NOT occur.

Figure 1-32 shows the EPSM for the muon-neutrino reaction with the neutron and Figure 1-33 shows the EPSM the muon-neutrino nonreaction with the proton. In both cases the connecting neutrinos for connecting the electron to the proton are shown. Thus, it can be seen why the muon-neutrino can react with the neutron and not with the proton. The pieces fit in the neutron case and pieces are missing in the proton case.

Figure 1-32: Muon-neutrino reaction with the neutron to produce a proton and muon as defined above in the text.

Figure 1-33: Muon-neutrino nonreaction with a proton. The pieces do not fit.

The muon and muon-neutrino are considered to be members of the second generation along with the s quark and c quark. As a preview, these second generation quarks will have more free dimensionalities than the u and d quarks. Hence, when the s and c quarks are formed from the ESUs more connecting neutrinos would appear to be made available to form the muon-neutrinos. If this trend is assumed to continue into the third generation then candidates for tau and tau-neutrino EPSMs are shown in Figure 1-34.

Figure 1-34: The tau and tau-neutrino EPSM candidates if the trend continues.

Pi- MESON (u*d)

Finally an easy one, the Pi- meson is the just the antiparticle of the p+ meson.

Eta MESON h

Eta 0 MESON (u*u/d*d)

The Eta 0 meson has the same quark composition as the Pi 0 meson and is also its own antiparticle. However, the eta 0 meson is about four (4) times more massive than the Pi 0 meson. The Eta 0 meson decays by the following modes

gg	38.2 %
p0gg	2 %
3p0	31.4 %

At first it would appear that Eta 0 meson EPSMs might be a composite particle of three weakly associated Pi 0 mesons EPSMs (e.g., u*u) because of the 3 Pi 0 decay product shown above. There is another way to view the Eta 0 meson and that is as a single structure consisting of six quarks, for example u*u*u*uuu. The Eta 0 /Pi 0 mass ratio of about 4 (i.e., 0.550 Gev/0.135 Gev = ~4) provides a glue for the single structure within EPSM.

If the composite structure were correct then it would be expected that the Eta 0/Pi 0 mass ratio would be 3 corresponding to the 3 Pi 0 mesons in the composite structure. However, the Eta 0/Pi 0 mass ratio is about 4 as indicated above and not 3. Figure 1-35 shows the Eta 0 EPSM composed of a single structure of three connected Pi 0. The comparison of the Pi 0 EPSM in Figure 1-23 to the Eta 0 EPSM in Figure 1-35 provides an interesting correlation for the mass ratio. Although the connecting neutrinos are not shown in Figures 1-23 and 1-35, it can be seen that the Pi 0 EPSM has 4 connecting neutrinos within its structure and the Eta 0 EPSM has 16 connecting neutrinos Hence, the connecting neutrinos are in the same ratio of 4 (i.e., 16/4) as the mass ratio. The connecting neutrinos are between each connected positive and negative dimensionality. It appears that the single structure could be the correct Eta 0 EPSM.

Figure 1-35: The Eta 0 meson EPSM. Appears to be 3 Pi 0 mesons as shown in Figure 1-23 joined together. The connecting neutrino between each positive and negative dimensionality (16 total) is not shown.

The Eta 0 EPSM is also interesting in its comparison to the proton and neutron EPSMs. The proton and neutron EPSMs appear to be almost three dimensional cubic pockets; whereas, the Eta 0 EPSM appears to be a jagged two dimensional crack.

TWO TRIPS THROUGH RHO AND OMEGA

The first time through the Rho and Omega mesons for EPSM will be strictly by the decay products. These mesons will then be revisited using the mass ratio correlation seen in the development of the Eta 0 meson EPSM.

Rho MESONS r

Rho+ MESON (d*u)

The Rho+ meson decays into a Pi+ meson and a Pi 0 meson. These decay products would indicate a EPSM as shown in Figure 1-36 by combining the EPSMs in Figures 1-23 and 1-29.

Figure 1-36: The Rho + meson EPSM consisting of a Pi 0 EPSM as shown in Figure 1-23 combined with a Pi + EPSM as shown in Figure 1-29.

Rho 0 MESON (u*u / d*d)

The decay products for the Rho 0 meson in the references that were available; however, it would be expected that the decay products are Pi 0 mesons. This would give the EPSM shown in Figure 1-37.

Figure 1-37: The Rho 0 meson EPSM consisting of two Pi 0 EPSMs as shown in Figure 1-22.

Rho - MESON (u*d)

The Rho - meson is the antiparticle of the Rho + meson.

OMEGA MESON w

Omega 0 MESON (u*u / d*d)

The Omega 0 meson is related to the Rho 0 meson with about the same mass. No decay products were provided in the references; however, it might be expected that the Omega 0 meson is a Rho 0 meson with an ESU split a half to each end as shown in Figure 1-38.

Figure 1-38: The Omega 0 meson EPSM is assumed to be the Rho 0 EPSM in Figure-37 with an electron and positron ESU segments added.

As stated earlier, a second scheme will be explored for the Rho and Omega mesons utilizing the mass ratio correlation to the Pi 0 meson. However, the discussion will be limited to only the Rho 0 meson and Omega 0 mesons. The mass ratios of these two mesons to the Pi 0 meson are as follows:

r⁰ / p⁰ = 0.770 / 0.135 Gev = 5.7 and,

w⁰ / p⁰ = 0.770 / 0.135 Gev = 5.8

Using the same logic for the mass ratio that was used earlier in the development of the Eta 0 meson EPSM, the Rho 0 meson EPSM should have 22 or 23 (4 x 5.7 = 22.8) connecting neutrinos and the Omega 0 meson EPSM should have 23 or 24 (4 x 5.8 = 23.2) connecting neutrinos. Hence, the alternate EPSMs shown in Figure 1-39 for Rho 0 with 22 connecting neutrinos and Figure 1-40 for Omega 0 with 24 connecting neutrinos may be better representations of the mesons.

Figure 1-39: Alternative Rho 0 meson EPSM. This EPSM has 22 connecting neutrinos (not shown) and may be a better representation than the EPSM in Figure 1-38.

Figure 1-40: Alternative Omega 0 meson EPSM. This EPSM has 24 connecting neutrinos (not shown) and may be a better representation than the EPSM in Figure 1-38.

PREDICTIONS

Table 1-3 has four neutral mesons whose mass can be correlated to the Pi 0 meson by the number of connecting neutrinos based upon EPSM structures. The resulting EPSMs for the four neutral mesons consist of one or more Pi 0 mesons. With such a correlation it is apparent that predictions can be made to extend the trend, so lets be brave and do it. Table 1-4 provides the correlation between connecting neutrinos in mesons and their mass.

Table 1-4

Meson	No. of Pi Mesons	No. of Connecting Neutrinos	Actual Mass or Expected Mass
Pi 0	1	4	0.135 Gev Actual
Eta 0	3	16	0.55 Gev Actual
Rho 0	4	22	0.77 Gev Actual
Omega 0	4	24	0.783 Gev Actual
prediction # 1	5	28	0.94 - 0.98 Gev "Expected"
Prediction #2	6	34	1.15 - 1.19 Gev "Expected"

Two mesons are predicted in Table 1-4 based upon an extension of the correlation between mass and the number of connecting neutrinos. Each of the above mesons is its own antiparticle and each has a mass per connecting neutrino of approximately 0.0341 Gev.

W- BOSON AND THE WEAK INTERACTION

A d quark is turned into a u quark by emitting a Omega - boson. Where the term boson means any particle with an integral spin. For completeness, it is noted that a fermion is any particle with a spin 1/2. Although the d and u quarks have not been observed, the W- boson (82 Gev) has been seen in experimental physics. The EPSMs for the d quark decaying to u quark and Omega - are shown in Figure 1-41. The two "connecting" neutrinos are shown in the figure.

Figure 1-41: The EPSMs for the d quark decay to a u quark and a W- boson. The connecting neutrinos are shown.

The W- boson then decays to an electron and antineutrino as shown in Figure 1-42.

Figure 1-42: The EPSMs for the W- boson decay to an electron and antineutrino.

The same decay can be seen in the neutron decay to a proton, electron, and antineutrino. The neutron first decays into a proton and W- and the W- in turn decays into an electron and antineutrino. The W+ boson is the antiparticle of the W- boson.

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