4. THE PROTON TO NEUTRON METAMORPHOSIS

The d quark and u quark EPSMs resulted in the development of the stable proton EPSM. The relationship of the proton (p) to the neutron (n) can be seen by the following neutron beta decay to a proton, electron and antineutrino:

n > p + e^- + n_e*

Hence, the neutron decays into a proton, an electron, and in this case an antineutrino. Yes, there are antineutrinos just like there are antiparticles for the other particles. Thus in order to develop a neutron EPSM, the pieces on the right side of the arrow must be combined. The simplest combination for the neutron EPSM is the structure shown in Figure 1-10.

Figure 1-10: The neutron EPSM. Electron and antineutrino EPSMs have been added to the proton EPSM. Each "+" and "-" represents +1/3 and -1/3 electric charge.

The antineutrino has been placed as a "connector" between the positive and negative dimensionalities of the "proton" and "electron". It could be envisioned that the antineutrino allows a bond between the proton and electron to be formed without over destruction through annihilation. The neutrino and antineutrino EPSM will be shown as the same in this effort.

If a neutrinos (or antineutrinos) are used as a connector at the "proton" to "electron" bond in the neutron then consideration should be given for having them at the other positive to negative dimensionality connections in the proton and neutron EPSMs as shown in Figure 1-11. This concept will be returned to later to provide an accounting of the neutrinos in several decays and reactions. However for convenience, the connecting neutrinos will not be shown in most of the EPSMs.

Figure 1-11: The proton and neutron EPSMs with all the connecting neutrinos. The connecting neutrinos will not be shown in most of the EPSMs.

The neutron EPSM can be judged against criteria similar to the criteria that were used to judge the proton EPSM.

1. The neutron EPSM has the udd quark structure required for the neutron as shown in Figure 1-12. A u quark has been changed into a d quark by the addition of the "electron" ESU segment. Similar to the proton EPSM, the neutron EPSM can be split different ways and maintain its udd quark structure. Figure 1-12 shows only one of the configurations.

Figure 1-12: One of several neutron EPSM udd quark structures. The lower quark is a u quark and the other two quarks are d quarks.

2. The resulting net electric change for the neutron EPSM can be readily seen to be "0" or neutral by seeing that there is an equal number of positive and negative dimensionalities in the structure. The vortex electric charge distribution is similar to the proton except for the connected electron vertex with its -1 ecu. Similar to the proton, the neutron is known to have an electrical distribution.

3. There is no common point where three dimensionalities meet in the neutron EPSM as in the proton EPSM. The two negative dimensionalities oppose the two positive free dimensionalities except that they are offset.

4. The neutron EPSM looks strong except for the connected tangling electron "tail". This should not be surprising because it is known that a free neutron outside of an atomic nucleus decays with a 10 minute half-life back to a proton, electron, and an anti-neutrino.

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