3. THE HUNT FOR THE STABLE PROTON
Armed with -1/3 ecu and +2/3 ecu particles and a desire to form a proton, the question is "how to recognize the proton when one saw it?" To answer this question, four criteria were initially established for the proton EPSM:
1. The proton structure had to correspond to the uud quark structure. Thus, the proton structure had to consist of a +2/3 ecu particle, a second +2/3 ecu particle, and a -1/3 ecu particle.
2. The resulting net charge had to be +1 ecu. In other word, the proton had to have a net three positive free dimensionalities with each being assigned a +1/3 charge.
3. The three positive free dimensionalities had to be mutually perpendicular so that there would be a three dimensional proton for our three dimensional world.
4. The structure had to look very strong. A model for the only stable hadron, the proton, has to look stable.
The hunt was on... but no game was found that matched the criteria for the proton with the candidates for the u and d quarks as they are defined above. At this point, the two choices were to stop here or to take the next simplest step by looking at particles with three ESU segments joined together and had an overall -1/3 ecu. This would give u quarks (+2/3 ecu) with two ESU segments each and d quarks (-1/3 ecu) with three ESU segments each for the next and probably the last proton hunt. There are many combinations of the three ESU segments of which eleven have a -1/3 ecu and are significantly different from each other. The eleven -1/3 ecu particles or d quarks candidates are shown in Figure 1-5. There are two different +2/3 ecu particles or u quark candidates and these are shown in Figure 1-6. It is noted that four of the -1/3 ecu particles in Figure 1-6 can be formed from the two +2/3 ecu particles in Figure 1-7 by the addition of an electron ESU segment. This special relationship will be addressed later.
Figure 1-5: -1/3 ecu particles or d quarks. Each one is made from three ESU segments and has two positive and three negative free dimensionalities. Each + and - represents a +1/3 and -1/3 ecu, respectively.
Figure 1-6: +2/3 ecu particles or u quarks. Each one consists of two ESU segments and has three positive and one negative free dimensionalities. Each + and - represents a +1/3 and -1/3 ecu, respectively.
The hunt for the proton was on again with a revised set of candidates for the u and d quarks. Like most hunts there were many false trails until the structure shown in Figure 1-7 was discovered. This structure seemed to agree with the criteria for the proton!
Figure 1-7: The proton EPSM. The proton is the only stable hadron. Each + in the figure represents +1/3 ecu for an overall charge of +1 ecu.
How does this structure fare against the criteria set for the proton? A review of this proton EPSM against the initial criteria reveals the following:
1. Its structure corresponds to the uud quark structure. The proton quark structure EPSM is depicted in Figure 1-8. The lines between the quarks are aids to indicate where the quarks connect. Actually , the -3/3 ESU or "electron" segment in Figure 1-8 could have been connected to either of the other two u quarks and still maintain the uud quark structure. Only one of the several uud configurations is shown.
Figure 1-8: One of several proton EPSM uud quark structures.
2. The resultant net electric charge is 3(+1/3) = +1.
3. There are three free dimensionalities and they are mutually perpendicular. And even better yet, they extend back to the same point, but do not actually meet there. The proton EPSM not only has three free dimensionalities it also has a three dimensional structure. The proton is considered to have a three dimensional structure whereas the electron is considered to be point like to any of our measurements. If the single ESU segment with three negative dimensionalities is considered to be the electron EPSM then it is apparent that EPSM fits what is known dimensionally about the proton and electron.
4. The structure is strong. It is three sides and seven of eight corners of a cube.
There is also an inherent electrical stability in the structure as seen in Figure 1-9 in which the net electric charges at the seven corners or vertices are shown. The vertex electric charges (vec) are determined simply by the dimensionalities coming from each vertex. It is pointed out that the net overall electric charge is + 1 ecu by adding these charges in this vertex electric charge distribution as it must be for the proton. The vertex distribution is very symmetrical and the three +1 ecu vertices are separated from the one -1 ecu vertex by the three -1/3 ecu vertices.
Figure 1-9: Proton EPSM with the vertex electric charges (vec) indicated. The vertex electric charge distribution could contribute to the stability of the proton.
Thus, EPSM has its first structures: the u and d quarks EPSMs, the electron EPSM, and the proton EPSM. EPSM is based upon the acceptance of this structure as being the proton spatial model or EPSM. The proton now can be viewed as a three dimensional structure that has attributes that correspond to the properties of the proton.
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